Paios Modules
Flexible Probe Station
Paios is delivered with a probe station to provide a fully calibrated system down to the contacting probes. Our probes are designed to obtain a reproducible contact with low parasitic resistance to your device. The magnetic feet allow flexible positioning and contacting of different sample sizes and layouts. All module functionalities below are operated through the Fluxim Characterization Suite (CS) software—integrating hardware control, data acquisition, and analysis for Paios systems.
The device can be easily aligned using our alignment tool.
The measurement table comes with a black lid to ensure the reproducibility of dark measurements.
We also deliver a customized sample holder upon request.
Spectrometer
Measure the emission spectrum of your LED or solar cells. You can perform all Paios experiments for LEDs with a calibrated spectrometer.
Wavelength range: 360 – 1100 nm.
Integration time: 9 us to 20 s (1 ms to 10 min for oleder versions)
Automatic dark-spectrum correction.
Measure luminance, radiance, EQE, lm/W, CRI, CIE coordinates.
Liquid Nitrogen Cryostat
Perform all Paios experiments at low and high temperatures with this liquid nitrogen cooling and heating system.
Automatic temperature control and data acquisition.
Temperature range: -120°C to +150°C.
Maximum temperature ramp: 50 K/min.
Samples are stored under an inert atmosphere.
Compatible with standard and automated meaurement table.
Peltier Cryostat
Perform all Paios experiments at low and high temperatures.
Automatic temperature control and data acquisition.
Peltier cooling system.
Customized sample holder included in the standard product.
Temperature range: -50°C to +80°C.
LED, photodiode, or spectrometer, or the automated measurement stage can be mounted.
Multiplexing: Measuring 4 solar cells or LEDs in sequence automatically.
The chamber can be evacuated or flushed with inert gas.
Automated Measurement Table
The automated measurement table switches between measurement instruments or light sources, automatically. It can be equiped with:
Photodetector
Spectrometer
White LED
Multi-LED module (additional 15 monochromatic LEDs)
Nanosecond Pulser module
Empty space for existing sun simulator
For Solar Cell Research
The white or monochromatic LED(s) can be used for illuminating solar cells in steady-state IV-curves as well as fast light pulses and light-modulated experiments. By switching to the photodetector or spectrometer you can furthermore analyze the electroluminescence properties of efficient solar cells.For LED Research
Measure the OLED/PLED spectrum, efficiency rolloff, and transient electroluminescence without moving the sample. By using a blue or UV LED, Paios can also measure the OLED/PLED photo-response.
Custom Sample Holder: Multiplexing
Quantitative conclusions from experiments usually require statistics from characterizations on multiple devices. This can be tedious and time-consuming.
With the Paios multiplex module, up to 4 devices can be connected simultaneously. Paios measures the devices automatically after each other. This saves a lot of time for the operator.
Combination with Customized Sample Holder
We also offer customized sample holders. The sample holder is compatible with the regular measurement table. Sample holders are available for substrate sizes up to 2-inch:
top-contact, bottom-emission/bottom-illumination devices
top-contact, top-emission devices
tandem solar cells with 1 top and 1 bottom contact
Multi-LED Extension Module
15 monochromatic LEDs in the range (360-1100 nm)
Controlled and integrated with the Automated Table
Measure all experiments with different LEDs
Linearity and absolute spectral calibration
Measure “mini-EQE” of solar cells
Glovebox Feedthrough
Paios can also be used in combination with a glovebox. Upon request, we provide customized cable feed-through for your glovebox.
Paios is placed outside the glovebox and the measurement table (or the sample holder) can be used inside.
Source Measure Unit (SMU)
The standard Paios has a measurement range of +-12 Volt. With the SMU module, the voltage range is extended to +-60 Volt. High voltage also allows the measuring of tandem OLEDs with high turn-on voltages.
Min measurable current: 1 pA.
You can also perform AC measurements in the frequency range 10 mHz to 10 kHz with offset voltages up to 60 volts.
Measure transient experiments with sampling frequency 100 kS/s.
Measure current pulses by employing the current-source mode of the SMU.
Light Mixing Rod (LMR)
The Light Mixing Rod (LMR) is an add-on for Paios LED illumination that increases collected signal and makes optical coupling more consistent. In our internal distance-variation measurements, using the LMR increased the measured short-circuit current (Isc) by about 70% compared with direct LED illumination.
We also observed that the LED-to-LMR air gap has a strong influence on the result: reducing and controlling this gap (down to around 1.7–2 mm in our setup) delivered an additional Isc gain of roughly 20%. For best reproducibility, keep the air gap fixed between measurements. The LMR is available for both the standard Paios table and the Automated Measurement Table (AMT) module.
Top view of the Paios LED array as seen through the light mixing rod aperture, showing multiple illuminated LEDs arranged around the central optical axis.
An illuminated sample using the LMR add on.
The LMR add on is available in several lengths proportionate to the aperture size to ensure homogenous light.
LMR impact on average Jsc and nonuniformity
| Configuration | 2x2 mm | 4x4 mm | 7x7 mm | 10x10 mm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average Jsc (uA) | ||||
| Standard 16 mm | 280 | 211 | 160 | 130 |
| LMR 8 mm | 409 | 408 | - | - |
| LMR 10 mm | 310 | 309 | 299 | - |
| LMR 20 mm | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 |
| Nonuniformity (%) | ||||
| Standard 16 mm | 21 | 33 | 54 | 73 |
| LMR 8 mm | 0.8 | 5.1 | - | - |
| LMR 10 mm | 1.5 | 2.0 | 28 | - |
| LMR 20 mm | 0.8 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.1 |
Heatmap of photocurrent distribution measured with Paios using a light mixing rod. Blue square masks indicate different active areas (2x2 mm to 10x10 mm) used to evaluate illumination uniformity across the device surface.
